Vitalik Buterin simply revealed a analysis proposal that sidesteps the query everybody retains asking: can blockchains run AI fashions?
As a substitute, the analysis claims Ethereum because the privacy-preserving settlement layer for metered AI and API utilization. The submit, co-authored with Davide Crapis on Ethereum Analysis, argues that the actual alternative is not placing LLMs on-chain.
The true alternative lies in constructing the infrastructure that permits brokers and customers to pay for hundreds of API calls with out compromising identification or creating surveillance trails via billing information.
The timing is crucial as a result of agentic AI is transferring from demonstrations to enterprise roadmaps. Gartner forecasts that 40% of enterprise purposes will embody task-specific AI brokers by the tip of 2026, up from underneath 5% in 2025.
That shift implies a world during which software program autonomously generates large volumes of API calls, making billing rails strategic infrastructure slightly than back-office plumbing.
Present metering methods pressure a selection between Web2 identification billing, which depends on API keys and bank cards and leaks profiling information, and on-chain pay-per-call fashions which are too gradual, too costly, and hyperlink exercise via clear transaction graphs.
The proposal introduces ZK API utilization credit, a cost and anti-abuse primitive constructed on Fee-Limiting Nullifiers.
RLN is a zero-knowledge gadget designed to stop spam in nameless methods, and the analysis repurposes it for metered entry to companies.
The move proceeds as follows: customers deposit funds as soon as into a sensible contract, and their dedication is added to an on-chain Merkle tree.
Every API request features a zero-knowledge proof demonstrating that the person is a legitimate depositor with adequate credit score for the requested index.
If a person makes an attempt to reuse a ticket index, double-spending their allowance, RLN permits the system to get better their secret and slash their stake as an financial penalty.
The submit contains concrete examples. A person deposits 100 USDC and makes 500 hosted LLM queries. One other deposits 10 USDC for 10,000 Ethereum RPC calls.
The structure is explicitly designed for “many calls per deposit,” that means that on-chain exercise scales with the variety of accounts and settlement frequency slightly than uncooked inference quantity.
Variable-cost assist provides flexibility: customers prepay a most value per name, servers return signed refund tickets for unused quantities, and customers privately accumulate refunds to unlock extra calls with out extra deposits.
Infrastructure is already there
The proposal arrives when the cost substrate for utilization credit already exists at scale.
Stablecoins have a circulating market cap of roughly $307.6 billion, in response to DefiLlama, indicating that the on-chain greenback layer is sufficiently liquid to assist deposit-based billing for high-frequency companies.
Ethereum’s scaling stack has matured to the purpose the place rollups course of much more exercise than layer-1, with L2Beat displaying a roughly 100x scaling issue, with rollups dealing with hundreds of operations per second in comparison with tens on the Ethereum mainnet.
Common Ethereum transaction charges just lately measured round $0.21 on Feb. 7, suggesting that occasional on-chain metering and settlement flows are possible with out prohibitive value.
The design explicitly avoids placing LLMs on-chain. Ethereum competes on impartial settlement, programmable escrow, and verifiable enforcement, not TPU cycles or inference pace.
The structure treats inference as an off-chain service and the blockchain because the layer that makes cost, metering, and dispute decision credible, with out requiring customers to belief particular person suppliers or to disclose their identities.
If AI service suppliers settle for deposits and depend on Ethereum or layer 2 good contracts to adjudicate slashing, refunds, and disputes, Ethereum turns into the enforcement layer for AI commerce.
The mannequin parallels how Ethereum turned the settlement layer for stablecoins and DeFi, not by internet hosting the total software stack on-chain, however by offering a impartial substrate the place financial agreements are enforced programmatically.
Eventualities with out hype
The on-chain footprint is bounded by settlement cadence, not uncooked name quantity.
In a crypto-native wedge state of affairs focusing on RPC and infrastructure APIs, suppose 250,000 energy customers or brokers undertake utilization credit.
If every performs two on-chain actions per thirty days, a deposit or top-up plus a withdrawal, that generates roughly 500,000 transactions month-to-month attributable to the rail.
In an AI supplier adoption state of affairs, think about a million customers make use of privacy-preserving credit throughout hosted LLM companies however nonetheless carry out just one to a few on-chain actions month-to-month.
That means a million to a few million transactions per thirty days tied to AI commerce rails, probably targeting layer 2s the place execution is cheaper.
Enterprise agent eventualities improve deposit sizes, elevating the stakes for credible enforcement and making slashing mechanisms extra consequential.
The metadata downside
The proposal tries to make funds unlinkable, however the analysis thread itself highlights a possible weak spot.
A commenter argues that even when nullifiers are cryptographically unlinkable, servers can correlate customers via inference-based metadata resembling timing patterns, token counts, and cache hits.
The critique proposes bucketed pricing, with mounted enter and output courses, to scale back leakage. That stress between cryptographic privateness and behavioral metadata is central as to whether the design really delivers on its anonymity targets.
Implementation actuality presents one other hurdle. The proposal makes use of RLN as a primitive, however the Privateness and Scaling Explorations venture web page notes that RLN is inactive or has been sundown.
Productionizing ZK API utilization credit probably requires sustaining forks or implementing new options slightly than counting on current tooling.
RLNJS benchmarks report roughly 800 milliseconds for proof technology and 130 milliseconds for verification on an M2 Mac, offering an early sanity verify on efficiency however leaving open questions on cell constraints and production-grade circuits at scale.
The proposal additionally assumes that suppliers will combine the deposit-and-proof move, settle for stablecoin settlements, and undertake Ethereum or layer 2 contracts for dispute decision.
That is a coordination downside, not only a technical one. Web2 API suppliers have current billing infrastructure and regulatory readability round identity-linked transactions.
Convincing them to undertake a ZK-based various requires demonstrating both a compelling value benefit or a differentiated market section during which privacy-preserving billing unlocks income they might not in any other case seize.
ModelHow it billsWhat it leaks/breaksWho it suitsWeb2 identification billing (API keys + playing cards)Account-based billing tied to identification (API key + cost technique); supplier meters requests and invoices centrallyLeaks: identification linkage + profiling trails throughout requests. Breaks: pseudonymity/self-custody norms. Threat: centralized management (suspension/censorship, single-provider belief)Mainstream SaaS/API suppliers; enterprises prioritizing compliance, simplicity, and current billing railsOnchain pay-per-callEach request (or batch) pays onchain per name through transactions/good contractsBreaks: value/latency for high-frequency calls. Leaks: onchain linkability (transaction graph ties utilization collectively). Friction: UX overhead for repeated txsCrypto-native companies with low name frequency; instances the place transparency/auditability is extra necessary than privateness/throughputZK API utilization credit (deposit as soon as, many calls)Person deposits as soon as; every request carries a ZK proof of membership + remaining credit score; slashing for double-use; non-compulsory refund tickets for variable costRisk: metadata correlation (timing/token patterns can re-link). Burden: supplier integration + coordination. Maturity: ZK tooling/ops complexity, circuit maintenanceHigh-frequency APIs (LLMs, RPC, information) the place privateness is a promoting level; agent toolchains; customers needing metering with out identity-based surveillance
What this implies for Ethereum
If the design good points traction, Ethereum’s worth proposition shifts additional towards serving as a impartial enforcement layer for digital commerce slightly than a general-purpose computing platform.
The proposal treats blockchain because the settlement substrate the place financial guidelines get enforced credibly, not the place the place purposes run.
Stablecoin velocity may rise as deposits move into utilization credit score contracts, creating a brand new class of on-chain financial exercise distinct from DeFi hypothesis or NFT buying and selling.
Layer 2 utilization may improve as suppliers and customers resolve disputes, course of refunds, and deal with slashing occasions on throughput-optimized chains.
The query is whether or not a parallel ecosystem emerges during which privacy-preserving billing turns into a prerequisite for sure person segments.
Enterprises involved about information leakage via billing logs, builders constructing agent toolchains that require auditable metering with out surveillance, and energy customers who worth pseudonymous entry to high-frequency companies are all potential early adopters.
Ethereum’s alternative is to function the layer on which AI service markets settle, with out requiring members to belief particular person platforms or to sacrifice privateness to billing infrastructure.
The proposal claims Ethereum can implement cost agreements, adjudicate disputes, and allow metered entry with out identification linkage in ways in which conventional methods structurally can’t.
Whether or not that declare holds is dependent upon fixing the metadata correlation downside, sustaining strong ZK implementations, and convincing suppliers that the market justifies the combination value it unlocks.
